Graham Greene’s “The Destructors” Essay

Graham Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† is a real-life like story that shows how societal forces or the environment shapes the behavior and thinking of the protagonists. Moreover, the story becomes a manifestation of history and protests during a time of despair, dramatically presented by the author. In â€Å"The Destructors†, the protagonists are teens who call themselves â€Å"Wormsley Common Gang†. However, they believe that their innocence is already gone. Their childhood dreams turned to rebelliousness, selfishness, and cynicism in order to favor the worldliness and complexity of the life which society brings them. For an instance, T. disrespected Mr. Thomas and looked upon him with suspicion. He also destroyed Mr. Thomas’ house. They believed that by acting this way, they would be able to achieve stability in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the 1950s, gangs or organized groups are prevalent in England. They demonstrate the same attitudes and beliefs like the â€Å"Wormsley Common Gang†. Violence and the wavering society produce these kinds of individuals or groups. Their acts are the results or manifestation of the children’s experiences, socially and emotionally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This literary work is the result of a conscious understanding of the author regarding the situation of England in the early 20th century. World War I occurred in 1914, and it is more likely that England suffered from this war. This suffering is greatly demonstrated in the literature and art during these periods, showing protests to the aggression and melancholy in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Short stories are often read to serve the purpose of entertaining or informing its readers. Greene’s â€Å"The Destructors† was not only successful in doing this, but he was also able to open the eyes of its readers to the horrid reality of society during war. Moreover, â€Å"The Destructor† becomes a tool that demonstrates how societal forces greatly affect characters in fiction, and people in reality. Works Cited Greene, Graham. The Destructors. New York: Creative Company, 1993.   

1930s America-Feminist Void ? Essay

The 1920s have long been touted as an age of female enlightenment, as women set a course of equality and cracked the foundations of women’s sphere. Portraits were drawn of stereotypical ’20s femmes; crimson-lipped, bob-haired and befringed flappers peering down their ivory cigarette holders at restrictive Victorian mores; stalwart, placard-toting suffragettes proclaiming the need for female political activism; fresh-faced college coeds donning crisp shirtwaists to tap out office memos on shiny modern typewriters. American women contested traditional views of the female as moral guardian and domestic servant and challenged the nation to accept their egalitarian beliefs. But after the initial surge of support for women’s rights with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, feminist fervor diminished throughout the latter ’20s and all but disappeared during the Depression. And with that reduced support for women’s rights came a renewed promotion of the traditional belief that women belonged in the home — not in the workplace. Although the Equal Rights Amendment, which was first introduced to Congress in December, 1923, continued to be bandied about in Congressional committees, opinion magazines rarely gave the issue a positive mention, and it seemed far removed from public concern. The 1930s brought apple-sellers to city street corners and breadlines to urban charity houses. In a depressed economy, unemployment figures escalated and federal forces concentrated on bringing Americans back to work. Or, more accurately, bringing American men back to work. For society viewed working women as un-American money grubbers, stealing jobs from men who needed them to support their families. Those who were concerned with feminist issues were further divided on how to concentrate their efforts. Many believed that garnering the right to vote was all the legislative support they needed, so they turned their attention to other concerns, such as the peace and welfare improvement movements. Some demanded protective work legislation, while others remained adamant in pushing for equal treatment in the job market. And still others were swayed by the not-so-subtle proddings of government forces to forget the issue of feminist rights until economic hardship had ended. Gone were the â€Å"new women† of the ’20s: the ’30s women floundered in a decade devoid of significant gains in the struggle for sexual equality. The League of Women Voters exemplified the notion that the fight for women’s rights ended with the passage of the 19th Amendment. In 1931, the league’s president went so far as to claim that â€Å"nearly all discriminations have been removed. But others noted that women failed to vote in a bloc, and that many failed to even consider women’s issues when casting their ballots. Therefore, many issues concerning women or issues promoted by women reformers simply failed from lack of support. Ironically, the 1930s began with the tenth anniversary of woman’s suffrage, but any attention to the matter revealed that in those ten years, women had ha d little effect on the political world. Josephine McGowan writes in the Commonweal: The 19th Amendment has wrought no miracle in politics. It has neither brought about dire consequences foretold by the anti-suffragist nor yet produced the millennium of which the pioneers dreamed. McGowan noted that while women gained the right to vote, many were indifferent to their new privilege and remained uninformed on current issues. Politics was still considered a man’s concern, and most women did not have the motivation to challenge this view. Lacking now the central issue of suffrage to rally around, many feminists turned from lobbying for women’s rights to promote other reform efforts. Becoming locked into the â€Å"paradigm of morality† role, many women became staunch promoters of the peace movement. Others turned their attention to welfare issues, spurred by the same drive that encouraged prohibitionists of the past. While these efforts were laudable, this divergence had the effect of leading women away from the concept of equal rights into separate channels that would rival each other and diminish any chance of a unified woman’s movement. Such disparity did not bode well for the Equal Rights Amendment. Discussion passed through Senate and House committees, until 1936, when the House Subcommittee favored the ERA for the first time and endorsed the amendment. In 1938, the Senate judiciary Committee reported it onto the floor. During the 1940 presidential race, the ERA became an election issue for the first time when the Republican party offered its support to the cause. But opposition to the idea of equal rights far outweighed the meager support it received. Even among supporters, differing ideologies clashed. Senate hearings in 1931 revealed that the Women’s Party supported the amendment as a protection from the current discrimination against women in salary, hiring and education. Listing approximately 1,000 discriminatory state laws — including laws in 11 states which gave a husband control over his wife’s wages the party argued against those who the ERA would weaken protective legislation. Such legislation often restricted the number of hours a woman could work, or the type of labor she could perform, making her less competitive in the industrial workforce. Indeed, the split of female opinion on this issue would be divisive, as clear cut† feminists refused protective legislation on the principle that it impeded equal rights for men and women, while other women – perhaps recalling the exploitation of women workers in 19th century sweatshops asked for special legislation to protect women from unscrupulous employers. Support for male and female differentiation strengthened during the ’30s after a decade of decline. Even those women who did manage to break into the political spectrum failed to unite women in a common struggle for equal rights. Caroline O’Day, elected to Congress in 1932, opposed the ERA because of its feared impact on protective legislation. As a social worker and member of the Consumer League, she believed women needed a governmental shield from labor evils. Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman senator popularly elected to her seat and won re-election in 1938, but though â€Å"she broke an important barrier . . . she accomplished little else. † President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, praised for seeking the advice of women in his administration, named Frances Perkins as the first woman cabinet member. But she herself asserted that married women ought not shirk their responsibilities to their families by seeking outside employment. McGowan further commented: In ten years, we have seen the political potentialities of women voters recognized by farseeing politicians who have rather grudgingly in many instances taken them into the councils of their parties, making them vice-chair of this or that local or state national committee; for the time has not yet arrived when men will voluntarily entrust to women the actual dispensation of party authority or patronage. Feminists who did manage to retain a sense of urgency in stirring enthusiasm and public support for equal rights had to face an antagonistic majority of their society, who felt that a woman put her talents to their best use in the domestic environs of her family. In the Atlantic, Albert Jay Nock pandered to feminine pride in agreeing that women could perform as well as their male counterparts and had demonstrated that fact for centuries. He then fell into the same tired truisms of emphasizing woman’s sphere, implying that the female must stand firm in her role as moral model. He stated, â€Å"Women can civilize a society and men cannot. † Nock’s article remains an interesting mirror of the popular opinion of the day. He upheld the stereotyping of men as children, unburdened by the responsibility of civilization. He expressed the stereotypical view that women needed to concentrate on applying their civilizing skills and avoid centering on the â€Å"over-stressed,† predominantly â€Å"male-oriented† instinct of workmanship. When women expended their energies demanding equal rights in the workplace, Nock argued, they allowed their more spiritual and artistic instincts to deteriorate. He seemed to look upon women in the workforce as acceptable, though unnecessary, additions. â€Å"One may easily see how our society, if it had to, might get on without women lawyers, physicians, stockbrokers, aviators, preachers, telephone operators, hijackers, buyers, cooks, dressmakers, bus conductors, architects. † He went on to assert that society could not survive, however, without women serving as a civilizing force. Nock, and the majority of the U. S. population, believed that women could civilize† not through roles as legislators, educators, administrators or preachers, but through the comforting domain of their immediate households. Only in molding their young ones and prodding their husbands toward responsible action could women serve their natural purpose. He stated: Our society cannot be civilized through women’s attainment of the ends that feminism has hitherto set before them, laudable and excellent as those are. It can be civilized by giving an intelligent direction to the interest and purchasing power of women. His feminine ideal of woman as intelligent consumer, while insulting to the many who found themselves struggling to produce as well, was well received in 1931. The key cause of this readiness to accept any excuse to remove women from their quest for equal rights stemmed from the increasing competition in the job market. Economic hardship forced many women into the working world, but the scarcity of jobs made men resent the added number of individuals struggling for positions. Throughout the 1930s, the sexist request that women refrain from entering the realm of the employed to solve the men’s unemployment problem came from labor unions, state and federal governments, and employers alike. Efforts were made to remove married women from the workforce. A 1932 American anti-nepotism law for government workers stated that only one spouse could work. While the law did not specifically state that the wife should be the one discharged, three out of every four who were dismissed under the law were female. Once again, prominent women only enforced these sexist tendencies. Mrs. Samuel Gompers proclaimed, â€Å"A home, no matter how small, is large enough to occupy [a wife’s] mind and time. She called women working outside the home â€Å"unnatural† and chided them (or taking jobs from men who needed them. The Women’s Bureau asserted that wives who held outside jobs were destroying the integrity of their families. Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins supported the concept of family wages. Mary Dewson, who organized the Women’s Division of the Democratic Party in 1932, believed women possessed specific qualities best suited for the â€Å"sanctity and sec urity† of the home. Protective legislation further carried out such female restriction. Under the guise of looking out for the needs of women, these laws counteracted every effort made toward equal economic rights for men and women. It was almost always assumed that women had different needs arising from their actual or indeed, and this was even more harmful, their potential role as mother, which made the search for equality not only irrelevant but possibly dangerous. Alma Lutz addressed this problem in her Atlantic article, indicating that the very laws which initially seemed to benefit women were actually menaces. In â€Å"protecting† women, they regulated their work and questioned their right to work. She argued that women had proven themselves capable, competent workers, and should therefore enjoy legislation insuring equal pay for equal work, instead of laws that placed them in special classes. What the Lutz article addressed — and what few men and women were willing to admit -was the discriminatory nature of protective legislation. In accepting special privileges, Lutz maintained, women were forced to accept lower wages to remain competitive with men. The alternative was unemployment. Men, who viewed the flood of women in the marketplace with alarm, were the greatest advocates of special legislation for women, hoping that it would curb the hiring of women. Lutz pointed out, however, that such laws would eventually hurt men as well, as they in turn would be forced to accept reduced pay to compete with the women who worked for less. Because women were paid lower wages than men for the same work, employers tended to keep them when cutting down the payrolls. During the 1930s, the percentage of master’s degrees and doctorates earned by women dropped significantly. While female university education increased substantially, those who attended college found the formerly high quality comprehensive education replaced by classes that emphasized training for women’s roles in the household. Women’s magazines promoted the virtues of motherhood and homemaking, condemning those who became involved in areas outside women’s sphere. Without training or public support, the ’30s working woman faced numerous obstacles in fighting for a suitable job. The public failed to admit that women composed a large sector of the working class and could not be dismissed with the passage of a few laws. Most were not working for the thrill of a career, but to keep their families sheltered and fed. Lutz encouraged society to accept women in the workplace. Men’s wages in industrial sections frequently could not support a modern-sized family, and the increasing percentage of employed married women reflected that problem. Lutz reiterated that many women were no longer supported by their husbands and needed to work to survive the Depression. In some households, in fact, the wife left her husband in charge of caring for the home and children while she worked an outside job. But while the number of married women in the work force actually increased by 50 percent between 1930 and 1940 – despite the Depression -women found enormous obstacles blocking their entry into certain fields. Most women found work in factory and clerical jobs, as traditional barriers against women in professional fields loomed higher. Instead of â€Å"glamorous† professions, 36 percent of working wives entered domestic and personal services, while another 20 percent were in apparel and canning factories. Those who were in lower-level professions, such as elementary and high school teaching, found men displacing them for higher pay. In 1939, the median salary of a male teacher was $1,953 a year, while female teachers received only $1,394. So while large numbers of women worked during the Depression, their status actually decreased. The non-unionization of women was one cause. The American Federation of Labor was established for organized, skilled, craft workers, and most women still held unskilled factory jobs. In addition, most unions continued to view women as temporary workers. But most prevalent were sexist attitudes that blocked women from entering unions and allowing women workers to organize. Samuel Gompers claimed that the AFL was not prejudiced, â€Å"it just wouldn’t accept ‘any nonassimilable race. ‘† Lutz encouraged men to recognize the benefits of allowing women to join unions: If . . . en will encourage women to organize, if together they will work for equal pay for equal work, for an adequate wage for both, they will be able to maintain a higher wage standard.. It is strange that the American Federation of Labor does not see this. But the AFL did not see a need to include women, and neither did the broad majority of the U. S. population. Suffragists failed to inspire a new generation of women to use the 19th Amendm ent as a springboard to gaining equal rights. Most seemed to ignore the advances made by the ’20s modern women, as attention drifted to reviving the flagging economy. Instead of employment and benefits to male and female alike, women were shuttled back into the home, to be protected and sentimentalized over once again. Albert Jay Nock expressed the popular view: Hence feminism can no longer get up an argument on the thesis that women can do anything that men can do. All interest in that contention has died out; everybody has stopped thinking in those terms, and our militant feminists are reduced to pushing minor issues, to smoothing out relatively petty inequalities of legal status, and the like. Interest in feminist thought had waned, and few gave proper attention to those â€Å"petty inequalities of legal status† that needed to be ironed out. The ’30s, then, proved to be a decade devoid of equal rights support. After the 1920s fervor of change, the struggle for egalitarian ideals faltered. Some were satisfied with the effects of the 19th Amendment, some turned their attention to other matters of social justice, some felt women could be better aided by protective legislation, but most still believed that women belonged at home. Without making a concentrated push for equal rights, women were forced to accept specialized roles in the domestic sphere or reduced status in the â€Å"man’s world. † Lulled by messages of women’s sphere, the American women of the ’30s returned to their homes or accepted their low-status jobs with the unsettling notion that they were abandoning their proper responsibilities. Progressive ideals of equality, fine for contemplation during economic boom times, failed to proliferate during a period of economic turmoil.

Assignment6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment6 - Article Example Further, user charges offers invaluable data on which services should be supplied, in what quality and quantity, and to whom. In turn, the application of user charges is to promote and enhance economic efficiency. The problem with the user charges is that in some cases, it is difficult to determine the specific and proper design and domain of user charges. Further, the prices set of certain services may not be charged on a competitive market. My State prepares tax expenditure to show the residents revenue loss because of issuance of tax preferences and concessions to certain activity and particular class of taxpayers. Further, it prepares the tax expenditure to show its spending and spending via the tax system. Yes, it prepares fiscal impact statement to predict how the authorization of a ballot measure would affect the finances of the state. When preparing revenue forecasts, it significant for the local government financial accountants to begin with expenses not revenues since in this manner, it much easier to predict expenses than expenses. In addition, it significant to predict revenues utilizing both an aggressive and conservative case because aggressive state keeps one motivated while conservative state brings reality on the ground. It is also good to monitor key ratios to ensure that the projections are logically and

The mutual effect between quality and cost management Essay

The mutual effect between quality and cost management - Essay Example The scope when measured accurate results in the project’s success, more so in terms of quality. Finally, cost the main focus of the paper often pays attention to the total amount of money that is needed to ensure that the project is finished up. Cost is said to be a resource sacrificed or foregone so as to achieve a specific objective (Schwalbe, 2014); costs are consequently measured in monetary amounts. Being an important aspect of project completion entails any given aspect of the project that requires some sort of funding. Aspects like; cost of materials to be utilized, labor charges, risk estimates and others. This only reflects the fact that project do cost money even more reason as to why project managers ought to understand Project Cost Management. For instance, if the original or official cost estimates of a project are low due to unclear project requirements and stipulations; chances are that cost overruns are to be incurred. However, if a good project cost management technique is to be applied, then cost overruns throughout the project can be avoided. Project Cost Management (PCM) often sees to it that the project team in place completes a project within an approved budget. Therefore, this only means that the project has to be well defined with accurate time and cost estimates. Eventually, the project manager has to ensure that project stakeholders are satisfied while at the same time making sure that costs are reduced and controlled. Therefore, this is to say that project management aims at fulfilling the needs and expectations of stakeholders; thus if a stakeholder is dissatisfied only more time will be invested and higher costs incurred. Stakeholder satisfaction is attained through quality; and this is only possible when cost of quality is measured and analysed. PCM usually does operate on the foundation of various

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT Essay - 1

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES - Essay Example Building is a form of service that is offered to the clients and the quality of the service offered depends on the ability of both the people and the organization to harmoniously work towards the attainment of the goals set by the organization. People or the organization’s human resources are a very integral part of the organization. They operate and run the machinery and carry out the roles that the machines can not do. The people are even more important when it comes to the built environment since the nature of the work is manual and the people directly offer services to the clients. People are a core resource in every organization. It is always important to fully understand these people and more so get to know how well they are able to interact with the organizational structures in totality. This is a very important aspect and highly contributes to the success of the organization. Watson, Tony J. (1994).This process of understanding the people in the organization is able to explain best the relationship that exists between the organization and its people in a building environment. Understanding the people is important as it is able to unearth the social and managerial functions that may affect the behaviour and the attitudes of the people working in the organization. This in turn may affect the performance as well as the effectiveness of the organization, Willcocks, Leslie and Jenny Harrow (1992). Understanding the people helps in exploring the on the most effective ways of improving the organizational effectiveness and performance. The principles of management are of importance to my profession because they lay the guidelines to successful management. Waterhouse, Mike and Geoff, C., (1995): The fourteen principles highlight the guidelines that managers need to follow in their actions and decision making process. These include; 1. The division of work; When people in the

Quantitative Data Analysis- SPSS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Data Analysis- SPSS - Essay Example Ethnicity has its impacts felt in many aspects. In education, ones ethnic group determines a lot whether the individual will have a future or not. In some ethnic groups, education is relegated to a far position when one rates other things (Zeichner, K., & Schulte, A. 2001 p. 251). Education in such cases is viewed as being not important at all. According to Flores, G et al. (1999), despite its importance as a hinge to all and every aspect in life, it is viewed by some ethnicities as passage which is not a must for one to undergo. In some African societies for example, education is a thing un-heard of and parents don’t consider taking their children to school. According to Skaggs, M. C. (2001), some ethnic communities have the will to have their children in school, however, the aspect of little finances which they get hinder them (p. 41). Skaggs argues that, if all ethnic communities in diverse countries are given equal opportunities to that accorded their peers from other ethnic communities, then the probability that, they will also attain some grades in very high. To him, lack of proper representation in education institutions of middle and higher learning is not because of their liking but because of the situations they find them selves in (p. 48). The marital status of a parent is another aspect which leads to low education levels. The institution of marriage is one of the conducive environments where education can thrive well. To Stephens, J. (1999), minorities in the US and other developed countries suffer a lot since most of their parents are single parents and lack the will to educate their children (p. 31). To Stephens, a single parent faces the problem of educating since he/she is the sole breadwinner and with the cost of education soaring high, the possibility of educating is dim (p. 33). To Su, Z. (1996), the level of one’s education determines what he/she will earn after the completion of education. According to him,

Leadership is About You Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership is About You - Article Example This research will begin with the statement that in â€Å"Leadership is About You,† Haycock described leadership theories, competencies, behaviors, and characteristics in the context of school library management. He defined leadership as a process of social influence that aims to achieve common goals. The author has rightly presented that Haycock argued that successful school librarians lead from the middle through collaborating with others in attaining shared vision and goals and exhibiting particular leadership competencies, functions, behaviors, and traits. According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Haycock stressed that contingency, path-goal, situational, attribution, performance-maintenance, transactional, and transformational leadership theories are applicable to school librarians because they emphasize collaboration and inquiry-based approaches to leadership. It is evident from the study that he also explained four leadership competencies that manage attention, meaning, trust, and oneself. Furthermore, he highlighted that leadership involves functions of image management, a relationship develops, and resource utilization. The present research has identified that Haycock added that successful leaders have consideration for other stakeholders, demonstrate strong initiatives, know group facilitation, show confidence in guiding and motivating others, and are skilled in persuasion and negotiation.

Marijuana Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marijuana - Coursework Example and the government must take marijuana treatment interventions seriously. What exactly is this drug and how has it become so prevalent, especially among the youth? What are the negative effects of this drug, and the positive effects if there are any? What method of treatment best addresses the condition of those who are addicted to this drug? This paper will attempt to answer these questions and shed light on the identified issues. According to a report quoted by Michael Lyman, 57 percent of adults aged 19-28 have reported using Marijuana in their lifetimes. (2011: 116). It comes from the leaves of the cannabis tops and is dried and smoked from a pipe, as one does a cigarette. If the experts are to be believed, marijuana has several negative effects. An important one is the loss of cell energy leading to cell death, especially when it saturates the cell membrane and blocks the passage of vital nutrients. Another research finding shows that marijuana usage affects the part of the brai n that deals with motivation in general, it has also been found that marijuana is bad for both the mind and the body. Although there is no such thing as a lethal overdose of marijuana, i.e., no one has ever died of ingesting too much (of course, if a marijuana user drives or operates heavy equipment, then the disorientation can cause him to injure himself), its long term effects can seriously impair a user’s health.. Lyman also points out that the toxins and cancer-causing ingredients in the substance leads users to feel the same health issues as those who smoke cigarettes, such as bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. But aside from that, there are also halluncinations, behavioural changes, apathy, loss of motivation because of the effects to the nervous systems, thus making it worse than cigarettes. He further says that: Some of the effects of marijuana use also include increased heart rate, dryness of the mouth, reddening of the eyes, impaired motor skills and concen tration, and hunger with an increased desire for sweets. Extended use increases risk to the lungs and reproductive system as well as suppression of the immune system. But are there health benefits to marijuana? There are those who argue that marijuana has beneficial effects and can even serve as medical treatment, particularly for glaucoma. According to Kuhn, et. al. (2008: 165), there are reports that those suffering from multiple sclerosis and other disorders having to do with impaired muscle control have responded positively to marijuana treatments. At present, however, the debates are still raging on whether or not marijuana can be made a mainstream drug. The negative effects of addiction still far outweigh the potential medical benefits. In any case, for those illnesses that are said to be curable with marijuana, there are other less-controversial treatment options available. But what are the treatment options available for those who are suffering from marijuana dependence? The most viable treatment option is abstinence and withdrawal, because marijuana is not as addictive as other drugs and those who have grown dependent on it can kick the habit more easily than if they were addicted to drugs such as cocaine or

Interagency Prevention and Planning Failures- Hurrican Andrew Research Paper

Interagency Prevention and Planning Failures- Hurrican Andrew - Research Paper Example With each disaster, the US government set up different agencies and bodies to provide help and succor to survivors of the aftermath. The method of providing aid and succor had clear sections of authority and a clear identification of which agency was to do what tasks (Nudell, 1988). Unfortunately, the precision with which these agencies were supposed to work did not happen. These agencies had turned into ‘stove pipes’ and did not cooperate with each other. With very little interagency cooperation, the various federal agencies that were seized with providing help were left powerless and tangled up in bureaucracy and red tape. The result was that thousands of people could not be evacuated to stations built specifically for such tasks. Billions of dollars in funds that were used for infrastructure were wasted (Herman, 2010). This report discusses and focuses on the poor interagency prevention and planning that contributed to the disaster after Hurricane Andrew struck Florida. Morton (2008) has commented on the structure and functioning of the national security and the defense forces that have ambiguous security roles and function and which serve the President of USA. These departments have strong workforce cultures and a deep seated desire to protect their turf and this created stove pies in the departments of national security. These entities tend to work in isolation and prefer to be the bearer of good or bad news. Various departments such as the Office of the Director of National Intelligence - ODNI, Department of Justice - DOJ under various acts ranging from the National Security Act 1947 to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, 2004 have never managed to bring the various departments to act in a cooperative manner and where a common culture exists. The various national security acts and state security at the national and state levels are uneven. A critical review of Shelby (2011) shows that at the time when

The Dubliners a collection of short stories by James Joyce Essay Example for Free

The Dubliners a collection of short stories by James Joyce Essay James Joyce wrote The Dubliners, a collection of short stories. One in particular called Eveline influenced the narrative seen in Far From Home Far From Home is written in the third person and is a character driven story. Free indirect discourse has been used to make the reader relate to the character. This technique allows the audience to gain insight into the characters thoughts feelings and dilemmas without using the first person narrative. Examples of when Joyce uses free indirect discourse can be seen in the third person narratives such as, Eveline, The Two Gallants and The Dead. In Eveline the main characters ambivalence is revealed at the beginning of the story: She tried to weigh each side of the question. The reader becomes aware of what Eveline is thinking and feeling about leaving home. This line describes almost entirely what the story is about the confusion and thoughtfulness Eveline is putting into leaving home. The protagonist in Far From Home is described using a third persons perspective. When the protagonists in Joyces stories are young or adolescent he uses first person narrative to direct the story. The stories Araby, An Encounter and The Sisters are written in this narrative. In order to identify the first person narratives pronouns such as I My or Me are used. When Joyces main character is an adult he writes in the third person narrative. Eveline, Counterparts and a Little cloud are written in third person narrative and to identify the narrative, pronouns such as He/She His/Her and It are used. Far From Home employs the third person narrative because Penny, like Eveline, is seen as an adult. This method in Far From Home shows that Joyces techniques are incorporated into the story. Local dialect and street names, as seen in Araby and The two Gallants, are also seen in Far From Home. In The Two Gallants street names are used regularly to convey a documentary style attachment to reality They walked along Nassau Street and then turned into Kildare Street. Far From Home refers to places like OlDive and street names such as Morrison Street. This also conveys a sense of authenticity. Slang terms such as on the turf, used in The two Gallants give the reader an informal approach to the story thus creating a sense of realism. Far From Home also incorporates this style by using chuck the bottle and colloquial dialect, authenticity is added to the narration. Far From Home resembles a storyline similar to that of Eveline. Penny, the protagonist in Far From Home, is paralysed by her fathers terrible drinking habits and aggression. Both characters know that their father may not survive alone. Penny lives with her father and finds it hard to cope with his drinking habits. Her father also has a girlfriend called Kristy who has two young children. Penny has an ill mother which she cannot see. This dilemma conveys a great deal of the frustration seen in the story. Similarly, Eveline feels trapped by her fathers drinking and violence, yet feels that father is too weak to survive by himself. Her father was becoming old lately, and he would miss her, suggests that Evelines father is weak. Pennys problems and thoughts drive the story, thus making it a character driven story. Far From Home intentionally develops Pennys character rather than focusing on conveying a detailed plot. This technique reflects Joyces use of minimal action in his stories, creating a sense of paralysis which engulfs his characters. Both stories show the characters as they are facing a life changing dilemma; both characters are unable to complete their escape from it. This is an example of how minimal action and lack of resolution work together to reflect the theme of paralysis. Far From Home also has a similar theme to that of The Dead. Penny feels that she has missed opportunities to love her mother and Gabriel feels he has missed the opportunity to love his wife in her youth. Penny resents the fact that she had stayed away from her mother for so long just because her father told her to. She realises that her mother will die soon and that they have missed a great deal of family bonding. The fact that both characters feel they have missed out on certain important events in their lives shows the similarities in the stories. In the sense that Joyce uses paralysis, Far From Home uses cynicism. In The Dead Gabriel patronises his family and friends make himself ridiculous by quoting poetry to them which they could not understand Pennys friend is also seen as been extremely pathetic. In the Two Gallants, The Dead and A Little Cloud, the characters are portrayed as been cynical or rejecting their home country. In The Dead Gabriel is called a west Briton; Little Chandler says minute vermin-like life Pennys cynical side is revealed by the way she patronises Sarah: Sarah was too dependent and weak in her eyes. and calls the children, screaming bundles of hate, Far From Home relates to the paralytic and cynical attitude Joyces characters are all ready in. In Far From Home grammar is occasionally used to create a dramatic effect. When Penny leaves her home and begins to make her way to the fields, Left down Morrison Street towards what looked like a dead end, a fragmented sentence emphasises the dead end at the end of the sentence. This is to subtly elaborate the paralysis in the story. To emphasise the situation at the beginning of Far From Home intentionally complex grammatical construction is used. Compound and simple sentences are regularly used for effect in James Joyces stories. He ties these techniques with a combination of many abstract sentences to create abstract ideas. Far From Home begins with an abstract idea for dramatic effect. The sound slowly emerging from the street, the raw talent of the local Charity for the Church band, calmed and slowed the frustrated breath escaping a hard chest. By using modifiers, words or phrases used to specify the nature of another, the abstract idea can be emphasised. The sound is modified by explaining where it is coming from. The sentence is abstract because of how it is constructed and modified. In The Two Gallants A shade of mockery..But Corley had not a subtle mind. is a combination of sentences introducing abstract ideas to make the reader think thoroughly about the situation presented. Far From Home is a fragmented narrative; this is to achieve effective characterisation as each fragment reveals a layer of depth to Pennys character. Fragmentation also reflects the confusion Penny has faced throughout her childhood and adolescence. This is further intensified through foreshadowing, which is a literary technique used to reveal a partial amount of the ending without revealing what happens, Far From Home employs this technique: could still feel the ghost of her mothers, soft, cold hands. This is because the story is a fragmented narrative and the foreshadowing adds emphasis on the upset state of mind Penny is in. The protagonists sense of frustration is intensified with the use of emotive lexis and pathetic fallacy. Modifiers and verbs such as frustrated, escaping and peace erupted all add to the theme running throughout Far From Home. In order to make the reader understand the build up of paralysis and frustration at the end of the story, the oppressive mood needed to run constantly throughout the story. To be successful the story begins with Penny calming down from a stressful situation calmed and slowed the frustrated breathFrom this point on Penny is faced with frustrating or annoying situations: the screaming amongst the peace erupted The children Penny has to look after are a lot to take on at such a young age and Penny finds she is unable to cope with them. The word clouded is used as a pathetic fallacy; to not only describe the feelings of the protagonist, but to also reflect the dull and confusing situation she is bound by. Another example used in Far From Home is the room felt icy and empty. It felt like her head. Pennys surroundings represent the emotions she is feeling. For dramatic effect, modifiers, with emotive connotations to convey the stressful or frustrating situations are used: the phrase the stench of the bottle rose reflects the disgust and hate Penny has for her fathers lifestyle. Stench is the word in this phrase which is most important as this is the word which conveys a disgusted tone. To continue the tone of disgust in the following paragraph other emotive words such as circled and disgust are used. Semantics reflecting frustration and paralysis are used at the beginning of Far From Home and repeated throughout the story. The opening words are selected to combine the idea of escapism from paralysis, confusion and frustration. Frustration quite obviously reflects the ongoing theme and hard chest emphasises the feeling of anger. The word hard is an emotive word to reflect the tension built up with anger. Escaping dramatically emphasises the tone of the story. The dramatic sentence at the beginning of the story establishes the paralysed tone reiterated throughout Far From Home. Alliteration is used when Sarah is introduced. stood, startled and shocked. The alliteration of this phrase reflects the attitude and thoughts Penny has for her. Sarah is obviously an unorganised and unstable woman; this sentence reflects her personality and disposition. Personification is another method of incorporating escapism from the paralytic lifestyle Penny is subjected to. Personification is used repeatedly throughout Far From Home it is used mainly to describe the moon as another person that Penny can relate to: The moon whispered to Penny, An example of personification can be seen in Eveline when Evelines hands are given human attributes: Her hands clutched the iron in frenzy. The connotations of the word frenzy emphasise and represent the state of Evelines mind and her feelings of confusion and fright. At the end of Far From Home the same technique is used. Frustration gripped her heart this reflects the ongoing theme of frustration and the emotions Penny feels for her lost mother. It was like a wave of warmth The use of this simile adds to the effect of Penny calming down and the mention of waves or referral to the sea is usually incorporated with Penny relaxing throughout the story. Araby; a story in which Joyce tackles the theme of the inadequacy of adolescence, employs an extended metaphor for the exotic surprises that we expect to discover in life and the disappointment experienced. The Bazaar represents the exotic, exciting lifestyle and the disappointment at the Bazaar represents the disappointment in life. To imitate the use of an extended metaphor in Far From Home, Pennys mothers illness represents the paralysis Penny is experiencing as a result of her lack of communication with her mother; Penny knows she can never share any moments of true bonding because her mother is too ill. The end of Far From Home displays the use juxtaposition of these two words small, strong Along with the use of modifiers such as mountainous, consumed and engulfed Pennys life seems to be represented by all that surrounds her in the hospital room with her mother. She is paralysed by life, because she is too small to fight it.

Modeling and Design of Shallow Foundations

Modeling and Design of Shallow Foundations Overview Construction of structures involves setting up of foundation which is the lowest part of a building or a bridge and which transmits weight to underlying soil. There are two classes of foundations, these are: shallow and deep ones. The major subject of the paper is modeling and design of shallow foundations. A shallow foundation is a footing planned to take a shape of rectangle or square which supports columns, other structures and walls. As per the provision of civil engineering, a foundation is considered to be shallow when it is less than six feet in depth or when its depth equals its width. According to Paolocci (1997), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a foundation supports the weight or load of any construction work such as building, bridges and roads. The design used to model a foundation depends on the type of soil, load of the building, materials used and the purpose of the construction,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.564). Modeling and design of shallow foundations includes the techniques and requirements of civil engineering that must be put in place while setting up a foundation.[1] There are various types of shallow foundation such as mat-slab, spread footing and slab- on grade. Spread footing foundation is mostly used in construction of commercial structures and basements. This type of shallow foundation includes strips of concrete that help in transfer of wall or column loads to bedrock. Several factors control spread footing such as penetration that results due to near surface layers, leading to changed volume because of shrink, swell or frost heave. Mat-slab foundations are used in the distribution of heavy walls or column loads constructed across the whole building and help to reduce pressure created from construction materials. This type of shallow foundation is constructed at a close range with ground surface or in construction of lower part of basements. Mat-slab foundations can also be used in construction of high rise buildings where the foundation is thick and requires extensive reinforcement to ensure that there is uniform transfer of load. Another type of shallow foundation is slab-on- grade that is used in structural engineering for structures formed from mold set ground. This foundation is elevated through a concrete slab placed in the mold, thus creating no space between the structure and bed rock. Slab-on-grade is common in construction works found in warmer climate where there is no need for heat ducting, ground freezing and thawing. The advantages of using this form of shallow foundation is that it is cheap, sturdy and less vulnerable to insects, such as termites for example. In their argument, Zeng Steadman (1998) have formulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shallow foundations are commonly used in structural constructions through the application of various models and designs. This creates an environment for providing strong construction work that lasts for a long period of time,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.247). Other forms of foundations such as deep, piles, caissons and piers are mainly used to establish strong foundation for prime structures.[2] The provisions of civil engineering do not provide overwhelming constructions that are threat to human life and the environment. The use of shallow foundations has advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of shallow foundations are that * It is cost effective hence affordable * There is no need of experts to provide labor for shallow foundations * Materials used are concrete and easily available. * The construction procedure is simple. Disadvantages of using shallow foundation * Limitation capacity is soil structure * Foundation is always subjected to torsion, moment and pullout * Settlement is a major problem * The ground surface is sometimes irregular making the structures sloppy. When designing a shallow foundation, there are two common aspects that must be considered. Firstly, the pressure on applied foundation should not be more than the bearing capacity of the supporting soil. Secondly, foundation settlement should not be excessed due to the impact of pressure on applied foundation. Chapter 1: The modes of failure depending on soil type, foundation size and depth. There are only three specific modes of soil failure associated with soil type, foundation size and depth. These include general shear failure, local shear failure and punching shear failure. General shear failure It is a mode of failure in which ultimate strength of soil is associated with the entire surface of sliding before the entire structure underlying soil is affected by excessive movement. This mode of failure depending on soil type, foundation size and depth is commonly encountered in stiff clays and sand soil that is in dense underlying shallow foundation. When the load of the structure is increased, the foundation pressure on the shallow foundation increases.[3] Foundation settlement also increases with increased pressure until ultimate bearing capacity is reached. Sudden foundation settlement increase is immediately noticed when bearing capacity has been reached. This is an indication of loss in support of the shallow foundation leading to failure of foundation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Another impact of general shear failure mode is the inability of the foundation to maintain applied pressure. This is also accompanied by failure surface that is a threat to structural construction,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Le Pape Sieffert, p.1404). Generally, in shear failure mode, there is always a difference between applied pressure and foundation settlement that corresponds to ultimate bearing capacity. Local shear failure This mode of failure is encountered in sand soil that is medium dense and medium stiff clay type of soils. Local shear failure is characterized by absence of distinct peak in pressure against foundation settlement. Determination of bearing capacity in local shear failure is based on excessive foundation settlement. Local shear failure is associated with progressive failure surface that extends to ground surface once bearing capacity has been reached.[4] In addition, it is a failure with ultimate shearing strength of soil that is usually mobilized locally along with the potential surface of sliding. This happens at a time when the structure supported by soil is affected by rapid movement. Punching shear failure This mode of failure usually occurs in loose sands and soft clays types of soil. It is accompanied by a surface that is triangular in shape and is directly under shallow foundation. One major characteristic of punching shear failure is the lack of distinctive ultimate bearing capacity. Ultimate bearing capacity in punching shear failure is considered to be the pressure that corresponds with excess foundation settlement. It involves failure of reinforced concrete slab that have been subjected to high local forces especially in flat slab structures and usually happens at column support points. In their research project, Nova and Montrasio (1997) have established that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the strength of the concrete is influenced by intermediate principal shear stresses and normal stresses. Hydrostatic pressure is also another factor that influences the strength of concrete,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.50). A concrete consists of several layers that makes it to be strong and reinforcing steel is used to strengthen the slab. In material modeling, concrete is considered as isotropic material until a point when cracking happens. Once the concrete is cracked, it incorporates tension, reduces shear stiffness and stiffening. This helps to establish strong concrete that is necessary for shallow foundations. Chapter 2: Using the right type of foundation on the right soil. The type of soil on which a foundation is to be established contributes to the strength of structures constructed. However, to get the right type of soil that supports strong foundation is the major challenge faced by civil engineers. One important item that civil engineers need to put into consideration is establishment of a strong structural foundation. There are different types of building foundations such as raft, piling and footing that are considered when setting up a structure. It is necessary to check the condition of soil before putting up a structure. This helps to provide a strong surface that supports the load of the walls and roof.[5] The condition of soil is done through soil investigations carried out by soil engineers who provide a report that is used by architects to determine the type of foundation to be used in a particular area. The soil engineer has the capacity to establish settlement characteristics of soil, depth to ground water and the necessary measures needed to upgrade a given site to the standard code. Two common factors should be put in place when determining the quality, substance and type of soil. It is important to establish virgin and fill type of soil that helps to determine how the right foundation is used on the best quality soil. A virgin soil is a type of soil that has never been disturbed and it is the best to set up building foundation. This is due to its compatibility and texture that is able to hold heavy weight of buildings and other structures. Fill type of soil also known as sandy loam on the other hand, means a piece of land that has been refilled and thereafter used as an area for construction. This type of soil is not best because in most cases, it is always loose and needs to be compacted for it to withstand applied pressure.[6] To convert fill soil into useful state, it requir es the application of engineering knowledge which is very expensive. According to Pool (1997), the right type of foundation that is used on the right soil is the major important element that should be put into consideration before construction work starts. The right type of foundation, whether shallow or deep, depends on the type of soil in a given construction site,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.35). Builders are advised not to set up structures in an area that is covered by expansive clays and if it becomes inevitable to construct structure, clay soil must be removed. The right foundation is also used to give builders the capacity to determine areas that are prone to earthquakes and land slides. This is because areas subjected to natural catastrophes like earthquakes have poor quality soils and hence builders should consider the type of foundation to be used.[7] The type of soil is used to determine the type of foundation to be used in structural construction. For instance, clay type of soil is considered to expand during wet season and contract during dry period hence it is not recommended to be used on shallow foundation. The reason of a problem is because the active zone of expansive clay is always near the surface. Sandy loam soil does not change with moisture content or temperature and soil engineers recommend this type of soil. It is in a position to support slab foundation and applied pressure, but the major challenge is soil erosion. This happens when there is heavy rainfall that erodes the foundation and this calls for slab jacking that aims at repairing the slab to avoid further damage. The right foundation is only constructed through evaluation of the type of soil in relation to moisture content and impact of temperature change. A good foundation should be set up to reach the bedrock for full support of the structure load and applied pressure. When the foundation is built to underlie the bedrock, soil erosion is reduced and shifting effect of the soil is also cancelled. A foundation that is built on a mixture of different types of soil is prone to serious damage that results from different ways upon which soil reacts. To resolve the issue of soil from reacting differently, soil engineers recommend that builders should replace weak soil with more strong textural soils.[8] For instance, in a construction site that has part of clay and sand, the clay soil is potentially replaced with sand soil. This yields uniform soil consistency that helps to support the right type of foundation. In a case where a building or any other structure is constructed to underlie soil type with various conditions, the structures are deemed to move in different ways. For instance, in a case when one half of the foundation is built on expansive clay and the other is on fill, the amount of movement varies from one half to the other. In other instances, the foundation system may not be designed in a proper way, this results to differential movement that causes damage to structure and foundation. Therefore it becomes easy to establish the type of soil by considering the site upon which foundation is built. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When the foundation is shallow, the type of soil is considered to be the best and on the other hand, deep foundation is established on soils that are of poor quality, (p.Gazetas, 1991, p.39). Therefore, the right foundation is used to determine the right type of soil to support structural constructions. Chapter 3: Water table level and bearing capacity Bearing capacity refers to the maximum value of pressure that the foundation on which a structure stands can support. The depth of a foundation is dependent on the type of the soil under which the foundation stands. A good foundation has the capacity to transmit the load of a structure evenly below the ground surface. However, the ground surface is greatly influenced by the depth of the water table. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In construction and design, water table represents the surface that separates between saturated and unsaturated groundwater zones. Depending on the depth of the bed rock, the water table may be high or low,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Carpenter, 2001, p.27). In some areas, the depth of water table keeps on shifting depending on the seasons of rain. When the rainfall is high, say during spring, water table rises nearer to the surface while on the other hand descending considerably to lower grounds during the summer. The depth of water table at any given time affects the modeling design, especially in the case of the shallow foundations. In all cases, the ultimate depth to which one can put utilization of underground space is dependent on the depth of the water table. In design, we have witnessed cases where the distance from the ground of the foot of foundation slab shifts above the water table. This has led to rejections of such plans by relevant safety authorities due to the concern of the resultant catastrophes that can emanate from unforeseen deformations on the surrounding soil due to the added weight.[9] When constructing structure with shallow foundations in places where water table is high, the preliminary plans involve dewatering of the grounds beneath using trenches so as to construct a firm foundation that will support the weight of the structure adequately. To avoid any problems in the soil supporting structure, most designs in these cases propose installation of a wall in the ground which stands over the overall breadth of the water table horizon. This acts as an enclosing structure that collects the accumulating water. This water can be directed to a draining system or a reservoir (Le Pape, Sieffert, p.1379). The next step is to dev elop a design for draining the accumulated water. In most cases, designers apply the methods of well-point-filter by use of submersible pumps and needle-filters for deeper foundations. For shallow foundations like in our case, the most applicable method for draining water from building trenches is the use of an open end discharge system. The selection of a proper design and analysis of the best way to construct a feasible water collecting reservoir and draining mechanism is very crucial in minimizing the effect of dewatering on the structure. The most important factor to note is that, after a completion of a structure, the added weight exerts extra pressure on the ground. Since the original water seeping from the ground was in equilibrium with the atmospheric pressure, the added pressure might lead to more seepage of water from the ground adjacent to the new structure.[10] Presence of groundwater near to the surface may lead to deterioration of material used for construction. In case where steel is to be used for construction, it is wise to know that, the abundance of water and air provides a conducive environment for oxidation and ultimate corrosion of the steel. In eventuality where there are salts in the ground water, the rusting process would still be accelerated hence reducing the life of a structure. Salts, especially compounds of sulfur, are known to attack compound of cement used to construct cement structures. Attack on cement may lead to disintegration and weakening of a foundation structure. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“To reduce such adverse effects, a designer is always advised to provide some protection on the reinforcing system or ensure that there is use of high grade of cement, a high cement ratio in mixing which is well compacted during the layering stage,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Rhoden, Gordon, 2000, p.43). It is possible that any foundation of a structure may be at one time of their life get to an exposure to a swampy condition due to a rise on water table or seasonal flooding. In this respect, presence of high water table levels greatly influences the ultimate bearing capacity of a building. Water is seen to influence the internal influence be tween soil particles. For shallow foundations, the negative effects of high water table on the added pressure to the soil can be compensated by ensuring that the foundation is wide enough to distribute the resultant force evenly on the ground. The influence of water table on the bearing capacity of a structure is reduced. The worst scenario arises when the soil supporting a structure becomes completely saturated. When the level of water table is considered to be directly at the base of a foundation in comparison to the slip lines, the water table influences the stability lines by extending them deeper in lateral direction. Chapter 4: The Effect of Bearing Capacity Pacheco and his colleagues (2008) have formulated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the bearing capacity of shallow foundations is determined by the way it is designed to take on the load. In order to determine the bearing capacity, various calculations are done to acquire the inclination,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (234). Shallow foundations have to be designed in such a way to be able to take care of inclined load action. The formula used in determining the design structure considers the admissible velocity as well the seismic coefficient. Seismic coefficient takes care of the seismic movement. Shallow foundations permeate a certain admissible velocity.[11] Most of the formulas applied in bearing capacity take care of load inclination influence. The occurrence of earthquakes has shown weaknesses to some of the formulas applied in bearing capacity. The scale of foundation has been a major effect of bearing capacity. The granular soils found in areas where shallow foundations are laid have certain effects. The effects of bearing capacity of shallow foundations are caused by the progressive failure which might be influenced by the soil type. The granular soils acquire the behavior of nonlinear strength. Its strength is not uniformly distributed. Granular soils acquire the property of progressive failure. The non linear strength of granular soils can be determined by the relationship strength-dilatancy. This relationship gives the dilatancy index which is used to describe the bearing capacity. The dilatancy index is determined by considering the progressive failure. These parameters are considered in designing shallow foundations since they determine their strength. In order to design shallow foundations to take the required load, data is collected for the performance of others foundations. This enables the ability to include all strength parameters which take care of shear forces. According to Cremer, Pecker Devenne (2001), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“shallow foundations are normally affected by ground shaking which causes some weaknesses in the designed structure. Grounding shaking may occur as a result of various phenomena such as earthquakes,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.1266). Earthquakes occur as a result of adjustments in the earths crust. Shallow foundations are affected by ground shaking in several ways. Earthquakes lead to re-arrangement of pore pressures. These pore pressures determine the ground strength. Ground failure occurs when these pores are in redistribution affecting the distribution of shear forces. Granular soils are not highly affected by this effect. They offer resistance to the distribution of pressure pores. The process of consolidation which involves cohesive soils may take a couple of years. This process may include indulgence of surplus pore pressures. Ground shaking may trigger inertial forces. The failure mechanism can be influenced by the inertial forces caused by earthquakes. Inertial forces cause a failure mode defined by overturning forces. Sliding resistance is affected by the inertial forces triggered by ground shaking. The sliding resistance determines the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This is because any slight movement affects the strength of the inclination slope. The inclination slope is designed considering various forces such as shear. Many of the designs do not take concern of the effects of earthquakes. This has been a contributing factor to failure of shallow foundations. Another way in which earthquakes affect shallow foundation is cyclic degradation. Soil strength can be affected by cyclic degradation which contributes to the formation of surplus pore pressures. Plastification is also one of the parameters related to cyclic degradation. These orientations lead to bearing capacity failure. Some of the failure modes contributed by cyclic degradation include rotational failures. The shear strength of soil may be lost through the process known as liquefaction.[12] The shear stiffness of soil determines the holding capacity of shallow foundations. A foundation is normally supported by soil on all sides and also beneath. This means that any change in shear stiffness of soil affects the foundations. Yield design theory is used in determining the symmetry of foundations. The bearing capacity of foundations with axial symmetry is calculated using this theory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The thickness and the rigidity of the wall determine the carrying capacity. The bearing capacity depends on the type of footings,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Reese, Isenhower Wang, (2005, p.41). The various types of footing include: axial footings, inclined footings, horizontal footings and circular footings amongst other types. The diameter of shallow foundations also affects the bearing capacity. The effect of bearing capacity depends on the type of footing. The bearing capacity of circular footing is not the same as strip footing. The effects of bearing capacity are also influenced by soil types. The bearing capacity of un-reinforced sand is as the bearing capacity of shallow foundation laid on reinforced sand. The soil particles also affect the bearing capacity. The soil participles influence distribution of pore pressures. The width of the foundation is used in determining the bearing capacity ratio. This means that the bearing capacity is affected by the width of the foundation. Layers of geogrid can be reinforced with sand in order to acquire maximum bearing capacity. In conclusion, the effect of bearing capacity of shallow foundations is influenced by various variables. These include: soil types, ground shaking, type of footing, and foundation orientation. Ground shaking occurs as a result earthquakes as these influence the bearing capacity of shallow foundation in several ways. These include: change in shear soil stiffness, cyclic degradation and liquefaction amongst other ways. Chapter: 5 Calculations of shallow foundation settlements In construction theory, designers use equations to calculate the foundation settlements and the resultant rates of deformations on the bed soil under the pressure of the structure. The performance of bed calculations follows under two limiting states. First is the state of performance and the second limiting state is the state of safety. In the second state, a predicted finite deformation is not supposed to exceed those established in the condition under which structures and other buildings are only meant to support normal habitation.[13] This state is in most times used as the basic criteria to measure the safety of a structure. In cases of bed calculations, an extra constraint is included under which the average pressure exerted by the structure on the ground is not supposed to be greater than the computed value of resistance of the supporting soil to the pressure exerted on it. A common resolution has been that, in order to raise the limit of safety by 20%, the calculated limiting deformations should be less than 40% of the limiting values.[14] This occurrence is explainable by use of the facts that acknowledge the presence of patches which experience plastic deformation. These regions develop with the progressive increase in the loading. Such developments form beneath the edges of foundations until a point where the linear relationship between the load from the structure and resistance from the ground beneath it fails. This linear union between the load and resistance stands in the situation of application of elasticity theory. According to Hooks law of deformation of linearly elastic material, stress (load) and strain (resistance) are applied. Application of layer by layer accumulation of resistance values enables a designer to account for lack of uniformity in soils in reference to deformity across the allowable limits of a compressible soil layer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Designers also apply other engineering methods of settlement computation. When we apply the law relating to stress and strain for a given constant thickness that is compressible, the increase in settlement becomes proportional to the increase in the loading,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Grimes, et al, 2006, p.681). Beyond a point of limit, the settlement tends to increase more rapidly than the load. The formation of regions with plastic deformations increases the rate of accumulation of settlement with increase in loading. This leads to the exhaustion of fatigue of the supporting bed hence interfering with its bearing capacity. Further loading from the structure becomes absolutely impossible as the soil or ground have reached its deformation level from the shear strains in it. Computations have gone further to prove that, by limiting pressure or structural load to the level of resistance, predictable settlements are maintained at lower levels than their limiting values. The extra allowable loading is left to cater for any eventuality of inadvertent loading. In Calculation, the derivation of the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation is based on soil constraints which include the soil strength, the shear strength and the weight per unit mass. Other factors considered include the shape, size and depth. In 1943, Tengazi developed a formula to define the ultimate bearing capacity of a narrow piece footing using three-term expression by use of bearing capacity factors of Nc, Nq, and Ng all of which have a relation to the friction angle (f) qf =c.Nc +qo.Nq +  ½g.B .Ng Where c= apparent cohesion intercept, qo = the product of the density and depth D = the depth of the foundation B = the breadth of the foundation g = the unit weight of the soil removed from the soil at the time of creating the foundation. In the case of a drained loading, the calculations are based on the effective stresses where the value of (f) is > 0 and Nc, Nq Ng are all >0. While in reference to swampy regions, the swampy strength resulting from shear (su); Nq = 1.0 and Ng = 0 in relation to cumulative stresses.[15] The Skemptons equation employed in calculation of the bearing capacity for swampy or undrained areas for example swampy soils is; qf = su .Ncu + qo Where the Ncu = the Skemptons bearing capacity factor, which is obtainable from a chart. Otherwise the Skemptons bearing capacity factor can be derived by use of the following expression. Ncu = Nc.sc.dc In this equation, the value sc represents the shape factor while the dc is the depth factor. Nq = 1, Ng = 0, Nc = 5.14 Where; sc = 1 + 0.2 (B/L) for B dc = 1+ ÃÆ'–(0.053 D/B ) for D/B In the same respect, the bearing capacity factor for drained, or soils with a deep water table. The following equation was developed for a long narrow piece footing. qf =c.Nc +qo.Nq +  ½g.B .Ng However this equation gains applicability only on the use of shallow footings exposed to vertical non eccentric loads. In case of rectangular and circular foundations, shape factor is considered. qf = c .Nc .sc + qo .Nq .sq +  ½ g .B .Ng .sg Additional factors can be used to give allowance for depth, distributed loading, inclined loading and the slope of the ground. In actual fact, depth of a structure is only significant if it exceeds the breadth of the structure.[16] The following equation is used to calculate the bearing capacity factor. When considering the depth factor the following equation is applied. qf = c.Nc.dc + qo.Nq.dq +  ½ B.gNg.dg for D>B: dc = 1 + 0.4 arc tan(D/B) dq = 1 + 2 tan(f'(1-sinf) ² arctan(B/D) dg = 1.0 for D= dc = 1 + 0.4(D/B) dq = 1 + 2 tan(f'(1-sinf) ² (B/D) dg = 1.0 In case of an inclusion of safety factor, we employ; Fs is to compute the bearing capacity qa from ultimate bearing pressure qf. The value of Fs is expected to fall between 2.5-3.0. Bibliography Carpenter, T. (2001). Environmental, Construction and Sustainable Development-Vol.1. New York: John Wiley Sons Cremer C., Pecker A., Davenne L. (2001). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cyclic macro-element for soil-structure interaction: material and geometrical non-linearitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,Vol. 25: 1257-1284. Gazetas G. (1991). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Foundations vibrationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van nostran Reinhold. Grimes, D., et al. (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Civil Engineering Education in a Visualization Environment: Experiences with Vizclassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Journal of Engineering Education, Vol.95, pp.675-690 Le Pape Y., Sieffert J.P. (2001). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Application of thermodynamics to the global modeling of shallow foundations on frictional materialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 25, pp. 1377-1408. Negro P., Paolucci R., Pedretti S., Faccioli E. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Large-scale soil-structure interaction experiments on sand under cyclic loadingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Proc. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand. Nova R., Montrasio L. (1991). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Settlements of shallow foundations on sandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , GÃÆ' ©otechnique, Vol. 41, 2, pp. 243 256. Nova R., Montrasio L. (1997). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Settlements of shallow foundations on sand: geometrical effectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , GÃÆ' ©otechnique, Vol. 47, 1, pp. 46 60. Pacheco, M., Danziger, F. Pinto, C. (2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Design of Shallow Foundations under Tensile Loading for Transmission Line Towers: An Overview.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Engineering Geology, Vol.101, pp.226-235 Paolucci R. (1997). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Simplified evaluation of earthquake induced permanent displacements of shallow foundationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 563-579. Pool, R. (1997). Beyond Engineering: How Society Shapes Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Priestley M.J.N., Kowalsky M.J. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct Displacement-Based Design of concrete buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 33, pp. 421-444. Reese, L., Isenhower, W. Wang, S. (2005). Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations. New York: John Wiley Sons Rhoden, C. Gordon, C. (2000). Studying

ASDAs Hierarchial Structure :: Papers

ASDA's Hierarchial Structure A hierarchical structure has many levels. Each level is controlled by one person. A hierarchical company tends to be a very big company just like ASDA is. In a hierarchical company, instructions are generally passed down from one person to another until it gets to the bottom. If there was a problem in a hierarchical structure it would move up through the structure again from one person to another until it gets to where it is supported to be. Strengths of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure there is a close control of workers. Workers in ASDA will know exactly what they have to do so they don’t wait around until they are told what they have to do. There is a small span of control. A span of control is when an amount of people report to one person. Also there is a better chance for promotion. Weaknesses of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure information is slow moving. There may be poor communication between departments. Also workers may not feel involved in the business and they may not feel motivated to work. The types of communication used in a Hierarchical structure The type of communication used is hierarchical will be more written communication. It will be written communication because the information will have a long way to go before it gets to the person. If it was verbal then when the message gets passed on it will change along the way. Any problems in communication and how I can solve it The problem with communication in hierarchical will be: communication will be slow, might not reach its destination and the information might change. Possible solutions: if the information is slow then maybe you can e-mail the person and then the information will get there faster. If the information might change then it will be a good thing to write it down so it won’t change. An explanation of the type of structure for Castell Engineering: ASDA's Hierarchial Structure :: Papers ASDA's Hierarchial Structure A hierarchical structure has many levels. Each level is controlled by one person. A hierarchical company tends to be a very big company just like ASDA is. In a hierarchical company, instructions are generally passed down from one person to another until it gets to the bottom. If there was a problem in a hierarchical structure it would move up through the structure again from one person to another until it gets to where it is supported to be. Strengths of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure there is a close control of workers. Workers in ASDA will know exactly what they have to do so they don’t wait around until they are told what they have to do. There is a small span of control. A span of control is when an amount of people report to one person. Also there is a better chance for promotion. Weaknesses of a Hierarchical structure In a hierarchical structure information is slow moving. There may be poor communication between departments. Also workers may not feel involved in the business and they may not feel motivated to work. The types of communication used in a Hierarchical structure The type of communication used is hierarchical will be more written communication. It will be written communication because the information will have a long way to go before it gets to the person. If it was verbal then when the message gets passed on it will change along the way. Any problems in communication and how I can solve it The problem with communication in hierarchical will be: communication will be slow, might not reach its destination and the information might change. Possible solutions: if the information is slow then maybe you can e-mail the person and then the information will get there faster. If the information might change then it will be a good thing to write it down so it won’t change. An explanation of the type of structure for Castell Engineering:

Malaysia Country Report Essay -- essays research papers fc

As the world prepares to move into the twenty-first century, many nations are rapidly developing their agricultural and manufacturing sectors. As these burgeoning industries become a larger part of the nation’s economy, the nation finds its population restructuring and streaming to the areas of growth. Just as the people are trying to compete for their survival, the nation is fighting its way to center stage in the world economy. The development of these countries is tied to the world’s economy, as is evidenced by the uneven development within each of the nations. Malaysia’s growing role in the world economy is likewise intertwined with the development of its industrial regions. Malaysia’s economy is centered on the production of rubber, timber, tin, and petroleum. Almost all of the country’s production of rubber and palm oil is raised solely for export. Historically, rubber was the dominant export, but now it is palm oil in terms of square miles used to cultivate it. Rubber, like â€Å"no other major commodity in the world,† was subject to â€Å"dramatic and rapid shifts in sources and derivation of demand† (McHale, 9). Thus, Malaysia has been moving away from its complete dependency on rubber for its income, and begun to diversify its economy. The peninsula’s forests produce approximately 1,100,000 tons of timber each year, and about two thirds of that is exported. Up to 1965, Malaysia was producing 40% of the world’s tin supply. However, with its quickly diversifying economy, Malaysia no longer depends on tin as a substantial part of its income. Small amounts of other useful minerals can be found all over Malaysia , as it is a naturally abundant land. Its major exports are electronic equipment, machinery, petroleum, palm oil, rubber, timber, and tin. The biggest trading partners are Japan, the United States, and Singapore. Other trading partners include the United Kingdom and Russia. About two thirds of the land on the peninsula is devoted to the cultivation of rubber, and Malaysia produces more than a third of the world’s rubber. Tin is the second largest export, and has been mined on the peninsula since the 17th century. Since Malaysia’s exports are mostly raw materials, and raw materials are susceptible to wildly fluctuating market prices, Malaysia’s economy is easily affected by market swings. For example, just a one cent fall in the price of rubber would decre... ...Cal Clark, eds. The Evolving Pacific Basin in the Global Political Economy. United States: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1992. Cheok, Cheong Kee and Lin Lean Lim. Demographic Impact on Socio-Economic Development The Malaysia Experience. Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University, 1982. Drabble, J.H. Rubber in Malaya 1876-1922. Malaysia: Oxford University Press, 1973. Jomo, K.S. Growth and structural Change in the Malaysian Economy. London: The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990. Lim, David, ed. Further Readings on Malaysian Economic Development. Malaysia: Oxford University Press, 1983. Lim, Lin Lean. Population and Development: Theory and Empirical Evidence. Malaysia: International Book Service, 1983. â€Å"Malaysia.† Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 1973. McHale, T.R. Rubber and the Malaysian Economy. Singapore: M.P.H. Publications, 1966. Peng, Khor Kok. Recession and the Malaysian Economy. Malaysia: Institut Masyarakat, 1983. Schatzl, Ludwig H., ed. Growth and Spatial Equity in West Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988. Yee, Lo Sum. The Development Performance of West Malaysia 1955-1967. Malaysia: Heinemann Educational Books, 1972.

Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong as Metaphor Essay example -- Things

Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong as Metaphor  Ã‚   The Vietnam War is a strange and unexplainable event in American history. The controversies surrounding the American involvement in Vietnam and the need for Vietnam veterans to tell their stories of the war are prevalent in the post-Vietnam culture of America. "The stories that will last forever are those that swirl back and forth across the border between trivia and bedlam, the mad and the mundane"(89). The story of the sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong explains this quote of the veteran stories never make exact sense, but they are stories from a war that never quite made exact sense either. The story of "Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong," involving a young girl coming to Vietnam for her boyfriend, becomes a metaphor for the rite of passage that a young soldier would experience during his service in Vietnam. The other soldiers in the medical detachment were shocked and amazed at the arrival of Mary Anne, Mark Fossie's girlfriend. She arrived in a typical Americana glory, with her "strawberry ice cream complexion," and in a somewhat lost and tired daze. Her journey was a myriad of plane connections and layovers. Even in her arrival a metaphor is seen as to how a soldier would arrive in Vietnam. The exact arrival of soldiers into the war is somewhat a confusing and shocking fact of debate. Mary Anne was only seventeen when she arrived in Vietnam, but the soldiers over fighting were not much older than her, many the exact same age. After the initial shock of landing in Vietnam wore off, Mary Anne became curious of her surroundings and what was going on in the war. This also is what a young soldier would experience during his first days of service, and he was trying to u... ...ut the hidden thoughts and feelings of the narrator are the real things that need to be examined. The Vietnam War is so colluded with uncertainties that it's meaning and questions of why are still lingering in the minds of citizens of the United States. Although this interpretation of the metaphor is not one that many adhere to when they first read the story, it is one that deserves some attention. The story can be seen as this transformation of the soldier while serving in Vietnam. This story explains some of the smaller battles that the soldiers went through. They fought for their own identity, killing, and survival. All these battles can be seen through Mary Anne and her trails while in Vietnam. The story of Mary Anne ends with her going to the jungles of Vietnam never to be seen again, and this happens to the soldiers, they will always have Vietnam in them.

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a knowledge based discipline, which focuses on the wholeness of human being. (Faucett, 1933. ) As per definition nurses are playing great role in modern medicine, either with an associate degree or as bachelor of nursing degree. Both, with the same licensure, the Registered Nurse. Nurse. The Associate dDegree nNurse(ADN) takes a shorter path of two years where the BSN takes longer one with 4 years of education to complete the degree. When we compare the data collected by various groups of nursing professionals, it is evident that the mortality rate, medication errors and patient outcomes are largely improved with high number of BSN onboard. The ADNAssociate degree nurse program was introduced to minimize the nursing shortage during post, second world warSecond World War. Even though The Goldmark report in 1923 recommended that the entry level of education for professional practice as a registered nurse should be a bachelorBachelor of Science in nursing (BSN), the new Associate degree nurse programs, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continuesprograms, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continue even today. Associate degree nursing programs are more to task oriented, where BSN program is based on theory and research. The needs of patients are changing on a daily basis, the need for higher education for nurses is in great demand.. Nurses are advocates of patient population, so be prepared to have the knowledge to help them, in preventive medicine, risk reduction, disease management, public health and over all provide a safe environment as per Nightingales theory of environment. When you compare work of an associate degree nurse with a BSN on a daily basis you could see the differences of approaches between associate degree nurse and a BSN. In this author’s experience, an associate degree nurse is well oriented to practical side of nursing, which is well evidenced. When comes to a patient with MRSA infection of an amputated limp site, the Associate degree nurse, is quick to get the patient pain meds, help with positioning, dressing changes, and maintains a clean environment, maintains contact isolation and provided emotional support. Whereas the BSN is there to teach the patient and family about prevention of infection, promotion of healing by correct diet choices, increasing activity and maintain the previous activity level, and prevent progression of infection and further loss. Also coordinated the care with dietary, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social services and case management services etc, thus provided the patient a smooth transition to the new life as a right above knee amputee. The BSN did investigate about the support groups, prosthesis options, family dynamics, and so on. In this situation one could clearly see the different ways of an associate nurse in their scope of practice vsvs. BSN performed through evidence based nursing practices. The expectation to the future of nursing is that, nurse should be capable of maintaining a patient’s over all well being, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. One could obtain those qualities through proper education and adapting multiple ways of thinking. The ability of clinical reasoning is very important. The clinical picture of patient is changing, always ask yourself, why, what and how. Why the clinical picture is changing, what are the causes, and how can we correct that. For this we have to understand the metaparadigm of nursing, explained by the founders of nursing. A nurse also should have the clinical imagination, scientific and creative reasoning. The new age of nursing is characterized by a synthesis of facts and ideas that generate principles and theories. (Rogers,1994) . One could only achieve that by advancing one’s education to a higher level. Once you reach that level, the horizon is wide; you could further advance your studies to masters programs, nurse practitioner in various disciplines, go for doctorate programs etc. etc. In a study report from International Jjournal of nursingof Nursing sStudies, June 2009, headed by Dr. Kkoen Van den Heede found a major link between the number of BSN on cardiac care units and hospital mortality. Data analyzed from different countries including Canada, Belgium, Netherlands and USA. The result showed there were 4. 9 percentages fewer deaths per 1000 patients on intensive care units with higher number of nurses with BSN degree. Linda Aiken and her associates, in their Landmark study in 2003 showed a strong connection between the educational level of registered nurses and patient outcomes. Substantial survival advantage noted specially in surgical patient population. , Even as little as 10% increase in the BSN degree holders make a difference in patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. A highly educated nursing work force is essential to the future of nursing. In short, the medial world is changing, so as the patient. So it is imperative that, the nursing work force should change to meet the needs of future health care. So here the transition from associate degree nurse to BSN is much more appreciated and welcomed. Reference: -The reference page is a separate page. This is not APA format. Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce (fact Sheet) Retrieved from http//www. aacn. nche. edu/media/factsheets/nursingwrkf. htm: Retrieved on 01/06/2012 from Creasia & Friberge, The Bridge to Professional Practice, Conceptual foundations 5th edition.

A detailed lesson plan in speech communication

Can you tell me some of the principles and what It means? Raise your hand If you want to answer. Good! What else? I could sense that you have listen intently on the lesson, do you have any questions Let's proceed to the next topic. B. MOTIVATION The people on the right side would be group A and the people on the left side would be group B. Then you have to pick 10 volunteers on each group who would participate on our activity. The 10 people are going to play the â€Å"Telephone game† are you familiar with this game? Yes, that's correct.You should form a straight line and then face the opposite side of your opponent, then the person at the end of the line would whisper a quote and you loud whisper it to the person in front of you until it reaches the person at the beginning of the line and that person would write the message he was told. You can create a strategy of your own as long as it is honest and take note this is a whispering game that is why it should be done quietly, a lso it should be perfectly copied meaning spelling and punctuations should be regarded. Any group which violates the rules by cheating will be disqualified.However, listening is different from hearing; can anyone tell me what the difference is? Very well said. Hearing is the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain while listening occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and gives them meaning. So your classmates is right when he said that listening is that your paying attention or giving your complete attention to someone. This is not natural so we have to exert effort and time to master it.But it's different sometimes we have â€Å"selective hearing† when Mom would yell and say, â€Å"throw the garbage. † You can't hear but even with a soft voice she would say, â€Å"do you want some boon? O can hear it right away. 0 Someone said that to be a good communicator you must first be a good listener. Also, if you would form another word from listen what word would it be that has something to do when you listen? (fly 2nd airplane) Any idea about that? That's right! When we use the name of that someone it helps us remember it and shows that we are interested with that person. Fly the 3rd airplane) What does that mean to you? Yes, do not go around the bush wasting precious time. You must remember that time is valuable and if you have to say something important you should say it concisely and clearly. Go straight to the point and if ever you commit a mistake don't make excuses but be willing to admit it. What are the first 3 steps to effective communication? So far so good. (4th airplane) Meaning? Correct! Isn't it one of the steps is listening you should know when to listen and when to speak. Communication is a two-way street.Usually this happens when we get too excited to share a similar experience with a friend that we do not really listen to what he is saying. In addition, when one of our friend has a problem and shares it with us, our minds get busy thinking for a solution to that problem without realizing we do to really listen to that friend. (fly 5th airplane) Great! When we talk with someone we should not stare but keep an eye-contact which shows confidence. Keep in mind that 95% of our communication is non-verbal that is why we should also be careful with this aspect as it may send the wrong message to someone. Throw 6th airplane) These are â€Å"fillers† such as â€Å"Uh,† â€Å"mum,† which are unnecessary when we talk. We should also be careful with this because we might bore our listener and send the message that we are not sure of what we are talking about, So what are the 6 steps to effective communication? This is important meaning rapport or harmonious relationship with our audience or listener. When we create an atmosphere of openness it's like an invitation where in your listener would feel at ease and that they would not feel threatened or awkward with you.As the speaker, you should also consider ways to prevent interruptions and be sensitive with it to understand the listener. Do you want to add something else? So what are the 7 steps to effective communication? Cool!! E. APPLICATION Now, let me have the box Vive passed around. I would pick 4 names and those people would go outside the room. Ready? To the group inside the classroom, Just respond to the person who would come inside the room depending on the paper I would post before the participant would strike a conversation.

Blind Side (Healthy Family Relationships)

Blind Side (healthy family relationships) What makes a healthy family? Well in the movie † The Blinde Side† it depicts the importance of family, and what parents need to do in order to raise a happy, healthy family. Leah Anne Touhy a mother of the memphis family took strong effort in changing Michael Oher, a troublesome kid's life for the better. Leah brought Michael into the family as one of their own. Leah then saw that Michael Oher, was born into a family of 12, was held back 2 years in elementary school and had a horrible education record with a . 6 GPA.Leah knowing these factors decided to adopt Michael and raise him to become the American football player of the Ravens he is today. This was only accomplished by the efforts of commitment and communication which was used throughout the entire movie. Through the entire movie the Tuohy family used efforts of commitment and communication to change not only Michael's life but their own too. It started with the introduction of Leah Tuohy's son, S. J. to Michael who happily greeted himself. S. J. showed confidence in himself to let Michael know that you should smile.Later on Michael was found wandering the streets in the night cold when Leah Anne and her family were driving home from a play that her son was in. Leah Anne being the compassionate person she is stopped the car and got out to confront Michael and offered him a stay at their warm house for the night, Michael had no other place to go so he took it. Leah Anne set up a bed for him and made him comfortable. The next morning Michael was on his way to leave but Leah Anne stopped him in his tracks and brought him back in.This showed Leah Anne's caring for other people. It happened to be thanksgiving that day and the family was huddled around the couch watching tv while Michael was eating off in the dining room. Leah Anne quickly observed this and brought everyone to the dining table so that all of them would celebrate thanksgiving as a family incl uding Michael. During the Thanksgiving dinner Leah Anne offered Michael shopping so that he could feel comfortable in clothes other than his own 2 pairs of shirts and shorts.On the trip there Leah Anne stopped the car to get a eye-to-eye conversation showing that she takes great care in finding out Michaels past and how she can help him for the better. One night Leah Anne asked a simple question to Michael, if he wanted to stay? Michael responded † I don't like anywhere else† and sure enough she turned the guest room into a comfortable place for Michael with a bed, that he had never had before. Michael was improving his grades and now able to play on the football team, in celebration the Tuohy family went to diner.As they arrived Leah Anne had to run a quick errand to the Library and they found an old book that was read to the children when they were younger. After the dinner and went home Leah Anne read that book â€Å"Ferdinand the bold† to both S. J. and Michae l in a heartwarming bond with the daughter over behind the door listening carefully and cherishing and old time story that was told to her. Later Leah Anne was in bed with her husband expressing her happiness and that it was because of Michael.She goes on to talk about how she influenced by the change in michael that she wants to have charities for people in Michael's condition. Slowly they wander off into sexual intercourse showing that as well as Leah Anne's responsibilities she still has time to express her inner feelings with her husband. Michael, never having a photo ID before asks Leah Anne if he could get a driver's license not just for the driving but for an identification of himself. Leah Anne agrees and takes him to the DMV when they run into a problem.Michael has no name registered for himself and Leah Anne comes up with an idea that changes everything. Leah Anne then talks to her husband about the issue of adopting Michael into the family. They communicate with their ide as about this and share their feelings toward it as well. They come to decide together happily that its best if they adopt Michael since he's already a part of the family as it is. Leah Anne goes to an office that deals with legal guardians and finds that she just needs to go before a court and get permission from a judge to adopt.She is startled in that she doesn't need to confront the mother and decides it's the right thing to do. She confronts the mother and she tries to make the situation comfortable as possible letting Michaels mom know that she wants to adopt Michael. Michaels mom slowly takes in the idea and accepts. The family then has a family meeting where they discus what's going on and they finally bring on the idea to Michael that they want to adopt him and he happily accepts saying aren't I already part of the family. From these commitments and communication comes many learning's and values.This shows that a little bit of kindness can go a long way. The efforts from Le ah Anne Tuohy changed Michael Oher's life for the better. It started with a simple stay at their own home to adopting and taking care of Michael himself. Not only that the family came closer together than before and in result a happier healthier family as well. The communication within the family was already strong and with the addition of Michael their communication became one. The family changed the life of Michael Oher, but Michael Oher changed the families lives forever.